Overall Mode-Switching Error Rate

Two-way RM-ANOVA (Within-subject)
Factor Df Df.res F p eta square
Technique 4 361 23.0 < .001*** .20
Target Scale 3 361 2.15 .094 .018
Technique x Target Scale 12 361 1.53 .11 .048
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique
Technique (A) Technique (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline PTZ-Area -19.6 14.1 361 -1.40 .33 0.15
PTZ-Angle -106.5 14.1 361 -7.58 < .001*** 0.80
PTZ-Span -98.8 14.1 361 -7.03 < .001*** 0.74
PushPull-Depth -73.9 14.1 361 -5.26 < .001*** 0.55
PTZ-Angle PTZ-Area 86.9 14.1 361 6.18 < .001*** 0.65
PTZ-Span 7.71 14.1 361 0.55 .58 0.058
PTZ-Span PTZ-Area 79.2 14.1 361 5.63 < .001*** 0.59
PushPull-Depth PTZ-Area 54.3 14.1 361 3.86 < .001*** 0.41
PTZ-Angle -32.6 14.1 361 -2.32 .083 0.24
PTZ-Span -24.9 14.1 361 -1.77 .23 0.19

Mode-in Error Rate for Translation

Two-way RM-ANOVA (Within-subject)
Factor Df Df.res F p eta square
Technique 4 361 38.5 < .001*** .30
Target Scale 3 361 0.79 .50 .007
Technique x Target Scale 12 361 0.51 .91 .017
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique
Technique (A) Technique (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline PTZ-Area -52.9 13.0 361 -4.08 < .001*** 0.43
PTZ-Angle -124.3 13.0 361 -9.60 < .001*** 1.01
PTZ-Span -134.9 13.0 361 -10.4 < .001*** 1.10
PushPull-Depth -46.1 13.0 361 -3.56 .001** 0.37
PTZ-Angle PTZ-Area 71.4 13.0 361 5.52 < .001*** 0.58
PTZ-Span -10.6 13.0 361 -0.82 .83 0.086
PTZ-Span PTZ-Area 82.0 13.0 361 6.33 < .001*** 0.67
PushPull-Depth PTZ-Area -6.83 13.0 361 -0.53 .83 0.055
PTZ-Angle -78.3 13.0 361 -6.04 < .001*** 0.64
PTZ-Span -88.8 13.0 361 -6.86 < .001*** 0.72

Mode-in Error Rate for Scaling

Two-way RM-ANOVA (Within-subject)
Factor Df Df.res F p eta square
Technique 4 361 7.41 < .001*** .076
Target Scale 3 361 4.34 .005** .035
Technique x Target Scale 12 361 3.40 < .001*** .10
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique
Technique (A) Technique (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline PTZ-Area 37.3 16.8 361 2.21 .17 0.23
PTZ-Angle -31.1 16.8 361 -1.85 .20 0.19
PTZ-Span 2.42 16.8 361 0.14 .89 0.015
PushPull-Depth -46.1 16.8 361 -2.74 .046* 0.29
PTZ-Angle PTZ-Area 68.4 16.8 361 4.06 < .001*** 0.43
PTZ-Span 33.6 16.8 361 1.99 .20 0.21
PTZ-Span PTZ-Area 34.8 16.8 361 2.07 .20 0.22
PushPull-Depth PTZ-Area 83.4 16.8 361 4.95 < .001*** 0.52
PTZ-Angle 15.0 16.8 361 0.89 .75 0.094
PTZ-Span 48.5 16.8 361 2.88 .034* 0.30
Post-hoc Comparisons - Target Scale
Scale (A) Scale (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
0.40 0.67 -9.28 15.4 361 -0.60 .77 0.063
1.50 -35.5 15.4 361 -2.30 .087 0.24
2.50 -48.9 15.4 361 -3.17 .010** 0.33
0.67 1.50 -26.2 15.4 361 -1.70 .27 0.18
2.50 -39.6 15.4 361 -2.57 .053 0.27
1.50 2.50 -13.4 15.4 361 -0.87 .77 0.091
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique x Target Scale
Condition (A) Condition (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline (0.40) Baseline (0.67) 21.3 30.8 361 0.69 1.00 0.073
Baseline (1.50) 4.57 30.8 361 0.15 1.00 0.016
Baseline (2.50) 14.5 30.8 361 0.47 1.00 0.050
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -27.4 30.8 361 -0.89 1.00 0.094
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -71.4 30.8 361 -2.32 1.00 0.24
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -10.8 30.8 361 -0.35 1.00 0.037
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -13.1 30.8 361 -0.43 1.00 0.045
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 22.6 30.8 361 0.74 1.00 0.077
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 51.9 30.8 361 1.69 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -53.3 30.8 361 -1.73 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -59.9 30.8 361 -1.95 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Span (0.40) 90.7 30.8 361 2.95 .54 0.31
PTZ-Span (0.67) 67.4 30.8 361 2.19 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Span (1.50) -13.2 30.8 361 -0.43 1.00 0.045
PTZ-Span (2.50) -62.1 30.8 361 -2.02 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (0.40) 69.5 30.8 361 2.26 1.00 0.24
PTZ-Area (0.67) 44.5 30.8 361 1.45 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Area (1.50) 19.8 30.8 361 0.64 1.00 0.068
PTZ-Area (2.50) 51.1 30.8 361 1.66 1.00 0.17
Baseline (0.67) Baseline (1.50) -16.7 30.8 361 -0.54 1.00 0.057
Baseline (2.50) -6.75 30.8 361 -0.22 1.00 0.023
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -48.7 30.8 361 -1.58 1.00 0.17
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -92.7 30.8 361 -3.01 .44 0.32
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -32.1 30.8 361 -1.04 1.00 0.11
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -34.4 30.8 361 -1.12 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 1.35 30.8 361 0.044 1.00 0.005
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 30.6 30.8 361 0.99 1.00 0.10
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -74.6 30.8 361 -2.42 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -81.2 30.8 361 -2.64 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Span (0.40) 69.4 30.8 361 2.25 1.00 0.24
PTZ-Span (0.67) 46.2 30.8 361 1.50 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Span (1.50) -34.5 30.8 361 -1.12 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Span (2.50) -83.4 30.8 361 -2.71 1.00 0.29
PTZ-Area (0.40) 48.2 30.8 361 1.57 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Area (0.67) 23.3 30.8 361 0.76 1.00 0.080
PTZ-Area (1.50) -1.45 30.8 361 -0.047 1.00 0.005
PTZ-Area (2.50) 29.8 30.8 361 0.97 1.00 0.10
Baseline (1.50) Baseline (2.50) 9.97 30.8 361 0.32 1.00 0.034
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -32.0 30.8 361 -1.04 1.00 0.11
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -76.0 30.8 361 -2.47 1.00 0.26
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -15.4 30.8 361 -0.50 1.00 0.053
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -17.7 30.8 361 -0.58 1.00 0.061
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 18.1 30.8 361 0.59 1.00 0.062
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 47.3 30.8 361 1.54 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -57.8 30.8 361 -1.88 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -64.4 30.8 361 -2.09 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Span (0.40) 86.1 30.8 361 2.80 .84 0.29
PTZ-Span (0.67) 62.9 30.8 361 2.04 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Span (1.50) -17.8 30.8 361 -0.58 1.00 0.061
PTZ-Span (2.50) -66.7 30.8 361 -2.17 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Area (0.40) 65.0 30.8 361 2.11 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Area (0.67) 40.0 30.8 361 1.30 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (1.50) 15.3 30.8 361 0.50 1.00 0.052
PTZ-Area (2.50) 46.5 30.8 361 1.51 1.00 0.16
Baseline (2.50) PushPull-Depth (0.40) -41.9 30.8 361 -1.36 1.00 0.14
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -85.9 30.8 361 -2.79 .85 0.29
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -25.4 30.8 361 -0.82 1.00 0.087
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -27.7 30.8 361 -0.90 1.00 0.095
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 8.10 30.8 361 0.26 1.00 0.028
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 37.4 30.8 361 1.21 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -67.8 30.8 361 -2.20 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -74.4 30.8 361 -2.42 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Span (0.40) 76.2 30.8 361 2.47 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Span (0.67) 52.9 30.8 361 1.72 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Span (1.50) -27.7 30.8 361 -0.90 1.00 0.095
PTZ-Span (2.50) -76.6 30.8 361 -2.49 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Area (0.40) 55.0 30.8 361 1.79 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Area (0.67) 30.0 30.8 361 0.97 1.00 0.10
PTZ-Area (1.50) 5.30 30.8 361 0.17 1.00 0.018
PTZ-Area (2.50) 36.5 30.8 361 1.19 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Area (0.40) PTZ-Area (0.67) -25.0 30.8 361 -0.81 1.00 0.085
PTZ-Area (1.50) -49.7 30.8 361 -1.61 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Area (2.50) -18.4 30.8 361 -0.60 1.00 0.063
PTZ-Area (0.67) PTZ-Area (1.50) -24.7 30.8 361 -0.80 1.00 0.084
PTZ-Area (2.50) 6.55 30.8 361 0.21 1.00 0.022
PTZ-Area (1.50) PTZ-Area (2.50) 31.2 30.8 361 1.02 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Angle (0.40) PTZ-Angle (0.67) 29.2 30.8 361 0.95 1.00 0.10
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -75.9 30.8 361 -2.47 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -82.5 30.8 361 -2.68 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Span (0.40) 68.0 30.8 361 2.21 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Span (0.67) 44.8 30.8 361 1.46 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Span (1.50) -35.8 30.8 361 -1.16 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Span (2.50) -84.8 30.8 361 -2.75 .95 0.29
PTZ-Area (0.40) 46.9 30.8 361 1.52 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Area (0.67) 21.9 30.8 361 0.71 1.00 0.075
PTZ-Area (1.50) -2.80 30.8 361 -0.091 1.00 0.010
PTZ-Area (2.50) 28.4 30.8 361 0.92 1.00 0.097
PTZ-Angle (0.67) PTZ-Angle (1.50) -105.2 30.8 361 -3.42 .12 0.36
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -111.8 30.8 361 -3.63 .055 0.38
PTZ-Span (0.40) 38.8 30.8 361 1.26 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Span (0.67) 15.6 30.8 361 0.51 1.00 0.053
PTZ-Span (1.50) -65.1 30.8 361 -2.11 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Span (2.50) -114.0 30.8 361 -3.70 .043* 0.39
PTZ-Area (0.40) 17.6 30.8 361 0.57 1.00 0.060
PTZ-Area (0.67) -7.35 30.8 361 -0.24 1.00 0.025
PTZ-Area (1.50) -32.0 30.8 361 -1.04 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Area (2.50) -0.80 30.8 361 -0.026 1.00 0.003
PTZ-Angle (1.50) PTZ-Angle (2.50) -6.60 30.8 361 -0.21 1.00 0.023
PTZ-Span (0.40) 144.0 30.8 361 4.68 < .001*** 0.49
PTZ-Span (0.67) 120.7 30.8 361 3.92 .019* 0.41
PTZ-Span (1.50) 40.1 30.8 361 1.30 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Span (2.50) -8.83 30.8 361 -0.29 1.00 0.030
PTZ-Area (0.40) 122.8 30.8 361 3.99 .014* 0.42
PTZ-Area (0.67) 97.8 30.8 361 3.18 .26 0.33
PTZ-Area (1.50) 73.1 30.8 361 2.38 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Area (2.50) 104.4 30.8 361 3.39 .13 0.36
PTZ-Angle (2.50) PTZ-Span (0.40) 150.6 30.8 361 4.89 < .001*** 0.51
PTZ-Span (0.67) 127.3 30.8 361 4.14 .008** 0.44
PTZ-Span (1.50) 46.7 30.8 361 1.52 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Span (2.50) -2.23 30.8 361 -0.072 1.00 0.008
PTZ-Area (0.40) 129.4 30.8 361 4.20 .006** 0.44
PTZ-Area (0.67) 104.4 30.8 361 3.39 .13 0.36
PTZ-Area (1.50) 79.7 30.8 361 2.59 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Area (2.50) 111.0 30.8 361 3.61 .061 0.38
PTZ-Span (0.40) PTZ-Span (0.67) -23.2 30.8 361 -0.76 1.00 0.080
PTZ-Span (1.50) -103.9 30.8 361 -3.37 .14 0.36
PTZ-Span (2.50) -152.8 30.8 361 -4.96 < .001*** 0.52
PTZ-Area (0.40) -21.2 30.8 361 -0.69 1.00 0.072
PTZ-Area (0.67) -46.1 30.8 361 -1.50 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Area (1.50) -70.8 30.8 361 -2.30 1.00 0.24
PTZ-Area (2.50) -39.6 30.8 361 -1.29 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Span (0.67) PTZ-Span (1.50) -80.6 30.8 361 -2.62 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Span (2.50) -129.6 30.8 361 -4.21 .006** 0.44
PTZ-Area (0.40) 2.07 30.8 361 0.067 1.00 0.007
PTZ-Area (0.67) -22.9 30.8 361 -0.74 1.00 0.078
PTZ-Area (1.50) -47.6 30.8 361 -1.55 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Area (2.50) -16.4 30.8 361 -0.53 1.00 0.056
PTZ-Span (1.50) PTZ-Span (2.50) -48.9 30.8 361 -1.59 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Area (0.40) 82.7 30.8 361 2.69 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Area (0.67) 57.7 30.8 361 1.88 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Area (1.50) 33.0 30.8 361 1.07 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Area (2.50) 64.3 30.8 361 2.09 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Span (2.50) PTZ-Area (0.40) 131.6 30.8 361 4.28 .004** 0.45
PTZ-Area (0.67) 106.7 30.8 361 3.47 .10 0.36
PTZ-Area (1.50) 82.0 30.8 361 2.66 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Area (2.50) 113.2 30.8 361 3.68 .047* 0.39
PushPull-Depth (0.40) PushPull-Depth (0.67) -44.0 30.8 361 -1.43 1.00 0.15
PushPull-Depth (1.50) 16.6 30.8 361 0.54 1.00 0.057
PushPull-Depth (2.50) 14.3 30.8 361 0.46 1.00 0.049
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 50.0 30.8 361 1.63 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 79.3 30.8 361 2.58 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -25.9 30.8 361 -0.84 1.00 0.089
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -32.5 30.8 361 -1.06 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Span (0.40) 118.1 30.8 361 3.84 .026* 0.40
PTZ-Span (0.67) 94.8 30.8 361 3.08 .36 0.32
PTZ-Span (1.50) 14.2 30.8 361 0.46 1.00 0.049
PTZ-Span (2.50) -34.7 30.8 361 -1.13 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Area (0.40) 96.9 30.8 361 3.15 .29 0.33
PTZ-Area (0.67) 71.9 30.8 361 2.34 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Area (1.50) 47.2 30.8 361 1.53 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Area (2.50) 78.5 30.8 361 2.55 1.00 0.27
PushPull-Depth (0.67) PushPull-Depth (1.50) 60.6 30.8 361 1.97 1.00 0.21
PushPull-Depth (2.50) 58.3 30.8 361 1.89 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 94.0 30.8 361 3.06 .39 0.32
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 123.3 30.8 361 4.01 .013* 0.42
PTZ-Angle (1.50) 18.1 30.8 361 0.59 1.00 0.062
PTZ-Angle (2.50) 11.5 30.8 361 0.37 1.00 0.039
PTZ-Span (0.40) 162.1 30.8 361 5.27 < .001*** 0.55
PTZ-Span (0.67) 138.8 30.8 361 4.51 .002** 0.47
PTZ-Span (1.50) 58.2 30.8 361 1.89 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Span (2.50) 9.30 30.8 361 0.30 1.00 0.032
PTZ-Area (0.40) 140.9 30.8 361 4.58 .001** 0.48
PTZ-Area (0.67) 115.9 30.8 361 3.77 .034* 0.40
PTZ-Area (1.50) 91.2 30.8 361 2.96 .51 0.31
PTZ-Area (2.50) 122.5 30.8 361 3.98 .015* 0.42
PushPull-Depth (1.50) PushPull-Depth (2.50) -2.30 30.8 361 -0.075 1.00 0.008
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 33.5 30.8 361 1.09 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 62.7 30.8 361 2.04 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -42.5 30.8 361 -1.38 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -49.0 30.8 361 -1.59 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Span (0.40) 101.5 30.8 361 3.30 .18 0.35
PTZ-Span (0.67) 78.3 30.8 361 2.54 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Span (1.50) -2.35 30.8 361 -0.076 1.00 0.008
PTZ-Span (2.50) -51.3 30.8 361 -1.67 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Area (0.40) 80.3 30.8 361 2.61 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Area (0.67) 55.4 30.8 361 1.80 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Area (1.50) 30.7 30.8 361 1.00 1.00 0.10
PTZ-Area (2.50) 61.9 30.8 361 2.01 1.00 0.21
PushPull-Depth (2.50) PTZ-Angle (0.40) 35.8 30.8 361 1.16 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 65.0 30.8 361 2.11 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -40.2 30.8 361 -1.30 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -46.7 30.8 361 -1.52 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Span (0.40) 103.8 30.8 361 3.37 .14 0.36
PTZ-Span (0.67) 80.6 30.8 361 2.62 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Span (1.50) -0.050 30.8 361 -0.002 1.00 0.000
PTZ-Span (2.50) -49.0 30.8 361 -1.59 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Area (0.40) 82.6 30.8 361 2.69 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Area (0.67) 57.7 30.8 361 1.87 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Area (1.50) 33.0 30.8 361 1.07 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Area (2.50) 64.2 30.8 361 2.09 1.00 0.22

Mode-in Time for Translation

Two-way RM-ANOVA (Within-subject)
Factor Df Df.res F p eta square
Technique 4 361 17.1 < .001*** .16
Target Scale 3 361 1.53 .21 .013
Technique x Target Scale 12 361 0.49 .92 .016
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique
Technique (A) Technique (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline PTZ-Area -71.1 13.3 361 -5.34 < .001*** 0.56
PTZ-Angle -97.5 13.3 361 -7.31 < .001*** 0.77
PTZ-Span -92.2 13.3 361 -6.92 < .001*** 0.73
PushPull-Depth -70.2 13.3 361 -5.27 < .001*** 0.55
PTZ-Angle PTZ-Area 26.3 13.3 361 1.98 .25 0.21
PTZ-Span 5.27 13.3 361 0.40 1.00 0.042
PTZ-Span PTZ-Area 21.1 13.3 361 1.58 .40 0.17
PushPull-Depth PTZ-Area -0.88 13.3 361 -0.066 1.00 0.007
PTZ-Angle -27.2 13.3 361 -2.04 .25 0.22
PTZ-Span -22.0 13.3 361 -1.65 .40 0.17

Mode-in Time for Scaling

Two-way RM-ANOVA (Within-subject)
Factor Df Df.res F p eta square
Technique 4 361 13.0 < .001*** .13
Target Scale 3 361 5.22 .002** .042
Technique x Target Scale 12 361 2.33 .007** .072
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique
Technique (A) Technique (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline PTZ-Area 33.6 15.5 361 2.17 .15 0.23
PTZ-Angle -53.5 15.5 361 -3.45 .004** 0.36
PTZ-Span -29.7 15.5 361 -1.91 .17 0.20
PushPull-Depth -62.1 15.5 361 -4.01 < .001*** 0.42
PTZ-Angle PTZ-Area 87.2 15.5 361 5.62 < .001*** 0.59
PTZ-Span 23.9 15.5 361 1.54 .25 0.16
PTZ-Span PTZ-Area 63.3 15.5 361 4.08 < .001*** 0.43
PushPull-Depth PTZ-Area 95.7 15.5 361 6.18 < .001*** 0.65
PTZ-Angle 8.59 15.5 361 0.55 .58 0.058
PTZ-Span 32.5 15.5 361 2.10 .15 0.22
Post-hoc Comparisons - Target Scale
Scale (A) Scale (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
0.40 0.67 -8.66 14.4 361 -0.60 1.00 0.063
1.50 -40.9 14.4 361 -2.84 .024* 0.30
2.50 -46.9 14.4 361 -3.26 .007** 0.34
0.67 1.50 -32.2 14.4 361 -2.24 .077 0.24
2.50 -38.3 14.4 361 -2.66 .033* 0.28
1.50 2.50 -6.06 14.4 361 -0.42 1.00 0.044
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique x Target Scale
Condition (A) Condition (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline (0.40) Baseline (0.67) 38.5 30.4 361 1.27 1.00 0.13
Baseline (1.50) 11.4 30.4 361 0.38 1.00 0.040
Baseline (2.50) 24.8 30.4 361 0.82 1.00 0.086
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -54.4 30.4 361 -1.79 1.00 0.19
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -66.4 30.4 361 -2.18 1.00 0.23
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -31.3 30.4 361 -1.03 1.00 0.11
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -25.5 30.4 361 -0.84 1.00 0.088
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 16.1 30.4 361 0.53 1.00 0.056
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 23.6 30.4 361 0.77 1.00 0.082
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -63.3 30.4 361 -2.08 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -58.4 30.4 361 -1.92 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Span (0.40) 51.2 30.4 361 1.68 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Span (0.67) 23.0 30.4 361 0.76 1.00 0.080
PTZ-Span (1.50) -29.0 30.4 361 -0.95 1.00 0.10
PTZ-Span (2.50) -41.7 30.4 361 -1.37 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (0.40) 98.1 30.4 361 3.22 .23 0.34
PTZ-Area (0.67) 63.8 30.4 361 2.10 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Area (1.50) 36.3 30.4 361 1.19 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Area (2.50) 23.4 30.4 361 0.77 1.00 0.081
Baseline (0.67) Baseline (1.50) -27.1 30.4 361 -0.89 1.00 0.094
Baseline (2.50) -13.7 30.4 361 -0.45 1.00 0.047
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -92.9 30.4 361 -3.05 .40 0.32
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -104.9 30.4 361 -3.45 .11 0.36
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -69.9 30.4 361 -2.30 1.00 0.24
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -64.0 30.4 361 -2.10 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -22.5 30.4 361 -0.74 1.00 0.078
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -15.0 30.4 361 -0.49 1.00 0.052
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -101.8 30.4 361 -3.35 .16 0.35
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -96.9 30.4 361 -3.18 .26 0.34
PTZ-Span (0.40) 12.6 30.4 361 0.41 1.00 0.044
PTZ-Span (0.67) -15.5 30.4 361 -0.51 1.00 0.054
PTZ-Span (1.50) -67.5 30.4 361 -2.22 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Span (2.50) -80.3 30.4 361 -2.64 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Area (0.40) 59.6 30.4 361 1.96 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (0.67) 25.2 30.4 361 0.83 1.00 0.087
PTZ-Area (1.50) -2.23 30.4 361 -0.073 1.00 0.008
PTZ-Area (2.50) -15.1 30.4 361 -0.50 1.00 0.052
Baseline (1.50) Baseline (2.50) 13.4 30.4 361 0.44 1.00 0.046
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -65.8 30.4 361 -2.16 1.00 0.23
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -77.8 30.4 361 -2.56 1.00 0.27
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -42.7 30.4 361 -1.40 1.00 0.15
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -36.9 30.4 361 -1.21 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 4.65 30.4 361 0.15 1.00 0.016
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 12.2 30.4 361 0.40 1.00 0.042
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -74.7 30.4 361 -2.45 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -69.8 30.4 361 -2.29 1.00 0.24
PTZ-Span (0.40) 39.8 30.4 361 1.31 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Span (0.67) 11.6 30.4 361 0.38 1.00 0.040
PTZ-Span (1.50) -40.4 30.4 361 -1.33 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Span (2.50) -53.1 30.4 361 -1.75 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Area (0.40) 86.7 30.4 361 2.85 .71 0.30
PTZ-Area (0.67) 52.4 30.4 361 1.72 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Area (1.50) 24.9 30.4 361 0.82 1.00 0.086
PTZ-Area (2.50) 12.0 30.4 361 0.40 1.00 0.042
Baseline (2.50) PushPull-Depth (0.40) -79.2 30.4 361 -2.60 1.00 0.27
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -91.2 30.4 361 -3.00 .47 0.32
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -56.1 30.4 361 -1.84 1.00 0.19
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -50.3 30.4 361 -1.65 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -8.75 30.4 361 -0.29 1.00 0.030
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -1.25 30.4 361 -0.041 1.00 0.004
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -88.1 30.4 361 -2.89 .63 0.30
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -83.2 30.4 361 -2.73 .99 0.29
PTZ-Span (0.40) 26.4 30.4 361 0.87 1.00 0.091
PTZ-Span (0.67) -1.77 30.4 361 -0.058 1.00 0.006
PTZ-Span (1.50) -53.8 30.4 361 -1.77 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Span (2.50) -66.5 30.4 361 -2.19 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Area (0.40) 73.3 30.4 361 2.41 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Area (0.67) 39.0 30.4 361 1.28 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Area (1.50) 11.5 30.4 361 0.38 1.00 0.040
PTZ-Area (2.50) -1.38 30.4 361 -0.045 1.00 0.005
PTZ-Area (0.40) PTZ-Area (0.67) -34.4 30.4 361 -1.13 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Area (1.50) -61.8 30.4 361 -2.03 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (2.50) -74.7 30.4 361 -2.45 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Area (0.67) PTZ-Area (1.50) -27.5 30.4 361 -0.90 1.00 0.095
PTZ-Area (2.50) -40.3 30.4 361 -1.32 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (1.50) PTZ-Area (2.50) -12.9 30.4 361 -0.42 1.00 0.045
PTZ-Angle (0.40) PTZ-Angle (0.67) 7.50 30.4 361 0.25 1.00 0.026
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -79.3 30.4 361 -2.61 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -74.4 30.4 361 -2.45 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Span (0.40) 35.1 30.4 361 1.15 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Span (0.67) 6.98 30.4 361 0.23 1.00 0.024
PTZ-Span (1.50) -45.0 30.4 361 -1.48 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Span (2.50) -57.8 30.4 361 -1.90 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Area (0.40) 82.1 30.4 361 2.70 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Area (0.67) 47.7 30.4 361 1.57 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Area (1.50) 20.3 30.4 361 0.67 1.00 0.070
PTZ-Area (2.50) 7.38 30.4 361 0.24 1.00 0.026
PTZ-Angle (0.67) PTZ-Angle (1.50) -86.9 30.4 361 -2.85 .71 0.30
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -82.0 30.4 361 -2.69 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Span (0.40) 27.6 30.4 361 0.91 1.00 0.095
PTZ-Span (0.67) -0.53 30.4 361 -0.017 1.00 0.002
PTZ-Span (1.50) -52.5 30.4 361 -1.73 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Span (2.50) -65.3 30.4 361 -2.15 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Area (0.40) 74.6 30.4 361 2.45 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Area (0.67) 40.2 30.4 361 1.32 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (1.50) 12.7 30.4 361 0.42 1.00 0.044
PTZ-Area (2.50) -0.13 30.4 361 -0.004 1.00 0.000
PTZ-Angle (1.50) PTZ-Angle (2.50) 4.90 30.4 361 0.16 1.00 0.017
PTZ-Span (0.40) 114.5 30.4 361 3.76 .035* 0.40
PTZ-Span (0.67) 86.3 30.4 361 2.84 .73 0.30
PTZ-Span (1.50) 34.3 30.4 361 1.13 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Span (2.50) 21.6 30.4 361 0.71 1.00 0.075
PTZ-Area (0.40) 161.4 30.4 361 5.30 < .001*** 0.56
PTZ-Area (0.67) 127.1 30.4 361 4.17 .007** 0.44
PTZ-Area (1.50) 99.6 30.4 361 3.27 .20 0.34
PTZ-Area (2.50) 86.7 30.4 361 2.85 .71 0.30
PTZ-Angle (2.50) PTZ-Span (0.40) 109.6 30.4 361 3.60 .064 0.38
PTZ-Span (0.67) 81.4 30.4 361 2.68 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Span (1.50) 29.4 30.4 361 0.97 1.00 0.10
PTZ-Span (2.50) 16.7 30.4 361 0.55 1.00 0.058
PTZ-Area (0.40) 156.5 30.4 361 5.14 < .001*** 0.54
PTZ-Area (0.67) 122.2 30.4 361 4.01 .013* 0.42
PTZ-Area (1.50) 94.7 30.4 361 3.11 .33 0.33
PTZ-Area (2.50) 81.8 30.4 361 2.69 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Span (0.40) PTZ-Span (0.67) -28.1 30.4 361 -0.92 1.00 0.097
PTZ-Span (1.50) -80.1 30.4 361 -2.63 1.00 0.28
PTZ-Span (2.50) -92.9 30.4 361 -3.05 .40 0.32
PTZ-Area (0.40) 47.0 30.4 361 1.54 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Area (0.67) 12.6 30.4 361 0.41 1.00 0.044
PTZ-Area (1.50) -14.9 30.4 361 -0.49 1.00 0.051
PTZ-Area (2.50) -27.7 30.4 361 -0.91 1.00 0.096
PTZ-Span (0.67) PTZ-Span (1.50) -52.0 30.4 361 -1.71 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Span (2.50) -64.8 30.4 361 -2.13 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Area (0.40) 75.1 30.4 361 2.47 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Area (0.67) 40.7 30.4 361 1.34 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (1.50) 13.3 30.4 361 0.44 1.00 0.046
PTZ-Area (2.50) 0.40 30.4 361 0.013 1.00 0.001
PTZ-Span (1.50) PTZ-Span (2.50) -12.8 30.4 361 -0.42 1.00 0.044
PTZ-Area (0.40) 127.1 30.4 361 4.18 .007** 0.44
PTZ-Area (0.67) 92.7 30.4 361 3.05 .41 0.32
PTZ-Area (1.50) 65.3 30.4 361 2.14 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Area (2.50) 52.4 30.4 361 1.72 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Span (2.50) PTZ-Area (0.40) 139.9 30.4 361 4.60 .001** 0.48
PTZ-Area (0.67) 105.5 30.4 361 3.47 .10 0.36
PTZ-Area (1.50) 78.0 30.4 361 2.56 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Area (2.50) 65.2 30.4 361 2.14 1.00 0.23
PushPull-Depth (0.40) PushPull-Depth (0.67) -12.0 30.4 361 -0.39 1.00 0.042
PushPull-Depth (1.50) 23.1 30.4 361 0.76 1.00 0.080
PushPull-Depth (2.50) 28.9 30.4 361 0.95 1.00 0.100
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 70.4 30.4 361 2.31 1.00 0.24
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 78.0 30.4 361 2.56 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -8.90 30.4 361 -0.29 1.00 0.031
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -4.00 30.4 361 -0.13 1.00 0.014
PTZ-Span (0.40) 105.6 30.4 361 3.47 .10 0.37
PTZ-Span (0.67) 77.4 30.4 361 2.54 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Span (1.50) 25.4 30.4 361 0.84 1.00 0.088
PTZ-Span (2.50) 12.7 30.4 361 0.42 1.00 0.044
PTZ-Area (0.40) 152.5 30.4 361 5.01 < .001*** 0.53
PTZ-Area (0.67) 118.2 30.4 361 3.88 .022* 0.41
PTZ-Area (1.50) 90.7 30.4 361 2.98 .50 0.31
PTZ-Area (2.50) 77.8 30.4 361 2.56 1.00 0.27
PushPull-Depth (0.67) PushPull-Depth (1.50) 35.0 30.4 361 1.15 1.00 0.12
PushPull-Depth (2.50) 40.9 30.4 361 1.34 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 82.4 30.4 361 2.71 1.00 0.29
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 90.0 30.4 361 2.96 .53 0.31
PTZ-Angle (1.50) 3.10 30.4 361 0.10 1.00 0.011
PTZ-Angle (2.50) 8.00 30.4 361 0.26 1.00 0.028
PTZ-Span (0.40) 117.5 30.4 361 3.86 .024* 0.41
PTZ-Span (0.67) 89.4 30.4 361 2.94 .56 0.31
PTZ-Span (1.50) 37.4 30.4 361 1.23 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Span (2.50) 24.6 30.4 361 0.81 1.00 0.085
PTZ-Area (0.40) 164.5 30.4 361 5.41 < .001*** 0.57
PTZ-Area (0.67) 130.1 30.4 361 4.28 .005** 0.45
PTZ-Area (1.50) 102.7 30.4 361 3.37 .14 0.36
PTZ-Area (2.50) 89.8 30.4 361 2.95 .54 0.31
PushPull-Depth (1.50) PushPull-Depth (2.50) 5.85 30.4 361 0.19 1.00 0.020
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 47.4 30.4 361 1.56 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 54.9 30.4 361 1.80 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -32.0 30.4 361 -1.05 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -27.1 30.4 361 -0.89 1.00 0.094
PTZ-Span (0.40) 82.5 30.4 361 2.71 1.00 0.29
PTZ-Span (0.67) 54.4 30.4 361 1.79 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Span (1.50) 2.37 30.4 361 0.078 1.00 0.008
PTZ-Span (2.50) -10.4 30.4 361 -0.34 1.00 0.036
PTZ-Area (0.40) 129.5 30.4 361 4.25 .005** 0.45
PTZ-Area (0.67) 95.1 30.4 361 3.12 .32 0.33
PTZ-Area (1.50) 67.6 30.4 361 2.22 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Area (2.50) 54.8 30.4 361 1.80 1.00 0.19
PushPull-Depth (2.50) PTZ-Angle (0.40) 41.5 30.4 361 1.37 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 49.1 30.4 361 1.61 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -37.8 30.4 361 -1.24 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -32.9 30.4 361 -1.08 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Span (0.40) 76.7 30.4 361 2.52 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Span (0.67) 48.5 30.4 361 1.59 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Span (1.50) -3.48 30.4 361 -0.11 1.00 0.012
PTZ-Span (2.50) -16.2 30.4 361 -0.53 1.00 0.056
PTZ-Area (0.40) 123.6 30.4 361 4.06 .011* 0.43
PTZ-Area (0.67) 89.3 30.4 361 2.93 .56 0.31
PTZ-Area (1.50) 61.8 30.4 361 2.03 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (2.50) 48.9 30.4 361 1.61 1.00 0.17

Scaling Error Rate

Two-way RM-ANOVA (Within-subject)
Factor Df Df.res F p eta square
Technique 4 361 32.8 < .001*** .27
Target Scale 3 361 60.4 < .001*** .33
Technique x Target Scale 12 361 6.72 < .001*** .18
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique
Technique (A) Technique (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline PTZ-Area -128.8 15.2 361 -8.48 < .001*** 0.89
PTZ-Angle -78.2 15.2 361 -5.15 < .001*** 0.54
PTZ-Span -62.2 15.2 361 -4.10 < .001*** 0.43
PushPull-Depth -158.5 15.2 361 -10.4 < .001*** 1.10
PTZ-Angle PTZ-Area -50.5 15.2 361 -3.33 .003** 0.35
PTZ-Span 16.0 15.2 361 1.05 .29 0.11
PTZ-Span PTZ-Area -66.5 15.2 361 -4.38 < .001*** 0.46
PushPull-Depth PTZ-Area 29.7 15.2 361 1.96 .10 0.21
PTZ-Angle 80.3 15.2 361 5.29 < .001*** 0.56
PTZ-Span 96.3 15.2 361 6.34 < .001*** 0.67
Post-hoc Comparisons - Target Scale
Scale (A) Scale (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
0.40 0.67 68.2 12.8 361 5.32 < .001*** 0.56
1.50 6.16 12.8 361 0.48 .63 0.051
2.50 -101.9 12.8 361 -7.95 < .001*** 0.84
0.67 1.50 -62.1 12.8 361 -4.84 < .001*** 0.51
2.50 -170.2 12.8 361 -13.3 < .001*** 1.40
1.50 2.50 -108.1 12.8 361 -8.43 < .001*** 0.89
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique x Target Scale
Condition (A) Condition (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline (0.40) Baseline (0.67) -3.70 25.2 361 -0.15 1.00 0.015
Baseline (1.50) -33.3 25.2 361 -1.32 1.00 0.14
Baseline (2.50) -64.8 25.2 361 -2.58 1.00 0.27
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -84.0 25.2 361 -3.34 .10 0.35
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -57.4 25.2 361 -2.28 1.00 0.24
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -136.5 25.2 361 -5.43 < .001*** 0.57
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -230.9 25.2 361 -9.18 < .001*** 0.97
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -41.7 25.2 361 -1.66 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -11.1 25.2 361 -0.44 1.00 0.046
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -43.4 25.2 361 -1.73 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -172.2 25.2 361 -6.85 < .001*** 0.72
PTZ-Span (0.40) -18.5 25.2 361 -0.74 1.00 0.077
PTZ-Span (0.67) -18.5 25.2 361 -0.74 1.00 0.077
PTZ-Span (1.50) -62.4 25.2 361 -2.48 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Span (2.50) -152.0 25.2 361 -6.04 < .001*** 0.64
PTZ-Area (0.40) -165.6 25.2 361 -6.59 < .001*** 0.69
PTZ-Area (0.67) -29.5 25.2 361 -1.17 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Area (1.50) -68.5 25.2 361 -2.73 .70 0.29
PTZ-Area (2.50) -171.7 25.2 361 -6.83 < .001*** 0.72
Baseline (0.67) Baseline (1.50) -29.6 25.2 361 -1.18 1.00 0.12
Baseline (2.50) -61.1 25.2 361 -2.43 1.00 0.26
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -80.3 25.2 361 -3.19 .17 0.34
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -53.7 25.2 361 -2.14 1.00 0.22
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -132.8 25.2 361 -5.28 < .001*** 0.56
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -227.2 25.2 361 -9.03 < .001*** 0.95
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -38.0 25.2 361 -1.51 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -7.40 25.2 361 -0.29 1.00 0.031
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -39.7 25.2 361 -1.58 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -168.5 25.2 361 -6.70 < .001*** 0.71
PTZ-Span (0.40) -14.8 25.2 361 -0.59 1.00 0.062
PTZ-Span (0.67) -14.8 25.2 361 -0.59 1.00 0.062
PTZ-Span (1.50) -58.7 25.2 361 -2.33 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Span (2.50) -148.3 25.2 361 -5.90 < .001*** 0.62
PTZ-Area (0.40) -161.9 25.2 361 -6.44 < .001*** 0.68
PTZ-Area (0.67) -25.8 25.2 361 -1.03 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Area (1.50) -64.8 25.2 361 -2.58 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Area (2.50) -168.0 25.2 361 -6.68 < .001*** 0.70
Baseline (1.50) Baseline (2.50) -31.6 25.2 361 -1.25 1.00 0.13
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -50.8 25.2 361 -2.02 1.00 0.21
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -24.2 25.2 361 -0.96 1.00 0.10
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -103.2 25.2 361 -4.10 .006** 0.43
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -197.6 25.2 361 -7.86 < .001*** 0.83
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -8.40 25.2 361 -0.33 1.00 0.035
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 22.2 25.2 361 0.88 1.00 0.093
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -10.1 25.2 361 -0.40 1.00 0.042
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -138.9 25.2 361 -5.52 < .001*** 0.58
PTZ-Span (0.40) 14.8 25.2 361 0.59 1.00 0.062
PTZ-Span (0.67) 14.8 25.2 361 0.59 1.00 0.062
PTZ-Span (1.50) -29.1 25.2 361 -1.16 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Span (2.50) -118.7 25.2 361 -4.72 < .001*** 0.50
PTZ-Area (0.40) -132.4 25.2 361 -5.26 < .001*** 0.55
PTZ-Area (0.67) 3.80 25.2 361 0.15 1.00 0.016
PTZ-Area (1.50) -35.3 25.2 361 -1.40 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Area (2.50) -138.4 25.2 361 -5.50 < .001*** 0.58
Baseline (2.50) PushPull-Depth (0.40) -19.2 25.2 361 -0.76 1.00 0.080
PushPull-Depth (0.67) 7.40 25.2 361 0.29 1.00 0.031
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -71.6 25.2 361 -2.85 .49 0.30
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -166.1 25.2 361 -6.60 < .001*** 0.70
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 23.2 25.2 361 0.92 1.00 0.097
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 53.8 25.2 361 2.14 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Angle (1.50) 21.4 25.2 361 0.85 1.00 0.090
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -107.4 25.2 361 -4.27 .003** 0.45
PTZ-Span (0.40) 46.4 25.2 361 1.84 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Span (0.67) 46.4 25.2 361 1.84 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Span (1.50) 2.48 25.2 361 0.098 1.00 0.010
PTZ-Span (2.50) -87.1 25.2 361 -3.47 .068 0.36
PTZ-Area (0.40) -100.8 25.2 361 -4.01 .009** 0.42
PTZ-Area (0.67) 35.4 25.2 361 1.41 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Area (1.50) -3.70 25.2 361 -0.15 1.00 0.015
PTZ-Area (2.50) -106.8 25.2 361 -4.25 .004** 0.45
PTZ-Area (0.40) PTZ-Area (0.67) 136.2 25.2 361 5.41 < .001*** 0.57
PTZ-Area (1.50) 97.1 25.2 361 3.86 .016* 0.41
PTZ-Area (2.50) -6.05 25.2 361 -0.24 1.00 0.025
PTZ-Area (0.67) PTZ-Area (1.50) -39.0 25.2 361 -1.55 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Area (2.50) -142.2 25.2 361 -5.65 < .001*** 0.60
PTZ-Area (1.50) PTZ-Area (2.50) -103.1 25.2 361 -4.10 .006** 0.43
PTZ-Angle (0.40) PTZ-Angle (0.67) 30.6 25.2 361 1.22 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -1.75 25.2 361 -0.070 1.00 0.007
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -130.5 25.2 361 -5.19 < .001*** 0.55
PTZ-Span (0.40) 23.2 25.2 361 0.92 1.00 0.097
PTZ-Span (0.67) 23.2 25.2 361 0.92 1.00 0.097
PTZ-Span (1.50) -20.7 25.2 361 -0.82 1.00 0.087
PTZ-Span (2.50) -110.3 25.2 361 -4.39 .002** 0.46
PTZ-Area (0.40) -124.0 25.2 361 -4.93 < .001*** 0.52
PTZ-Area (0.67) 12.2 25.2 361 0.49 1.00 0.051
PTZ-Area (1.50) -26.8 25.2 361 -1.07 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Area (2.50) -130.0 25.2 361 -5.17 < .001*** 0.54
PTZ-Angle (0.67) PTZ-Angle (1.50) -32.4 25.2 361 -1.29 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -161.1 25.2 361 -6.41 < .001*** 0.67
PTZ-Span (0.40) -7.40 25.2 361 -0.29 1.00 0.031
PTZ-Span (0.67) -7.40 25.2 361 -0.29 1.00 0.031
PTZ-Span (1.50) -51.3 25.2 361 -2.04 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Span (2.50) -140.9 25.2 361 -5.60 < .001*** 0.59
PTZ-Area (0.40) -154.6 25.2 361 -6.14 < .001*** 0.65
PTZ-Area (0.67) -18.4 25.2 361 -0.73 1.00 0.077
PTZ-Area (1.50) -57.5 25.2 361 -2.28 1.00 0.24
PTZ-Area (2.50) -160.6 25.2 361 -6.39 < .001*** 0.67
PTZ-Angle (1.50) PTZ-Angle (2.50) -128.8 25.2 361 -5.12 < .001*** 0.54
PTZ-Span (0.40) 24.9 25.2 361 0.99 1.00 0.10
PTZ-Span (0.67) 24.9 25.2 361 0.99 1.00 0.10
PTZ-Span (1.50) -18.9 25.2 361 -0.75 1.00 0.079
PTZ-Span (2.50) -108.6 25.2 361 -4.32 .003** 0.45
PTZ-Area (0.40) -122.2 25.2 361 -4.86 < .001*** 0.51
PTZ-Area (0.67) 13.9 25.2 361 0.55 1.00 0.058
PTZ-Area (1.50) -25.1 25.2 361 -1.00 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Area (2.50) -128.2 25.2 361 -5.10 < .001*** 0.54
PTZ-Angle (2.50) PTZ-Span (0.40) 153.7 25.2 361 6.11 < .001*** 0.64
PTZ-Span (0.67) 153.7 25.2 361 6.11 < .001*** 0.64
PTZ-Span (1.50) 109.8 25.2 361 4.37 .002** 0.46
PTZ-Span (2.50) 20.2 25.2 361 0.80 1.00 0.085
PTZ-Area (0.40) 6.57 25.2 361 0.26 1.00 0.028
PTZ-Area (0.67) 142.7 25.2 361 5.67 < .001*** 0.60
PTZ-Area (1.50) 103.7 25.2 361 4.12 .006** 0.43
PTZ-Area (2.50) 0.53 25.2 361 0.021 1.00 0.002
PTZ-Span (0.40) PTZ-Span (0.67) -0.000 25.2 361 -0.000 1.00 0.000
PTZ-Span (1.50) -43.9 25.2 361 -1.74 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Span (2.50) -133.5 25.2 361 -5.31 < .001*** 0.56
PTZ-Area (0.40) -147.2 25.2 361 -5.85 < .001*** 0.62
PTZ-Area (0.67) -11.0 25.2 361 -0.44 1.00 0.046
PTZ-Area (1.50) -50.1 25.2 361 -1.99 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (2.50) -153.2 25.2 361 -6.09 < .001*** 0.64
PTZ-Span (0.67) PTZ-Span (1.50) -43.9 25.2 361 -1.74 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Span (2.50) -133.5 25.2 361 -5.31 < .001*** 0.56
PTZ-Area (0.40) -147.2 25.2 361 -5.85 < .001*** 0.62
PTZ-Area (0.67) -11.0 25.2 361 -0.44 1.00 0.046
PTZ-Area (1.50) -50.1 25.2 361 -1.99 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (2.50) -153.2 25.2 361 -6.09 < .001*** 0.64
PTZ-Span (1.50) PTZ-Span (2.50) -89.6 25.2 361 -3.56 .049* 0.38
PTZ-Area (0.40) -103.3 25.2 361 -4.11 .006** 0.43
PTZ-Area (0.67) 32.9 25.2 361 1.31 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (1.50) -6.18 25.2 361 -0.25 1.00 0.026
PTZ-Area (2.50) -109.3 25.2 361 -4.35 .002** 0.46
PTZ-Span (2.50) PTZ-Area (0.40) -13.7 25.2 361 -0.54 1.00 0.057
PTZ-Area (0.67) 122.5 25.2 361 4.87 < .001*** 0.51
PTZ-Area (1.50) 83.4 25.2 361 3.32 .11 0.35
PTZ-Area (2.50) -19.7 25.2 361 -0.78 1.00 0.082
PushPull-Depth (0.40) PushPull-Depth (0.67) 26.6 25.2 361 1.06 1.00 0.11
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -52.4 25.2 361 -2.08 1.00 0.22
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -146.9 25.2 361 -5.84 < .001*** 0.61
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 42.4 25.2 361 1.68 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 73.0 25.2 361 2.90 .42 0.31
PTZ-Angle (1.50) 40.6 25.2 361 1.61 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -88.2 25.2 361 -3.51 .059 0.37
PTZ-Span (0.40) 65.6 25.2 361 2.61 .96 0.27
PTZ-Span (0.67) 65.6 25.2 361 2.61 .96 0.27
PTZ-Span (1.50) 21.7 25.2 361 0.86 1.00 0.091
PTZ-Span (2.50) -67.9 25.2 361 -2.70 .74 0.28
PTZ-Area (0.40) -81.6 25.2 361 -3.24 .14 0.34
PTZ-Area (0.67) 54.6 25.2 361 2.17 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Area (1.50) 15.5 25.2 361 0.62 1.00 0.065
PTZ-Area (2.50) -87.6 25.2 361 -3.48 .064 0.37
PushPull-Depth (0.67) PushPull-Depth (1.50) -79.0 25.2 361 -3.14 .20 0.33
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -173.5 25.2 361 -6.90 < .001*** 0.73
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 15.8 25.2 361 0.63 1.00 0.066
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 46.4 25.2 361 1.84 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Angle (1.50) 14.0 25.2 361 0.56 1.00 0.059
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -114.8 25.2 361 -4.56 < .001*** 0.48
PTZ-Span (0.40) 39.0 25.2 361 1.55 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Span (0.67) 39.0 25.2 361 1.55 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Span (1.50) -4.92 25.2 361 -0.20 1.00 0.021
PTZ-Span (2.50) -94.5 25.2 361 -3.76 .024* 0.40
PTZ-Area (0.40) -108.2 25.2 361 -4.30 .003** 0.45
PTZ-Area (0.67) 28.0 25.2 361 1.11 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Area (1.50) -11.1 25.2 361 -0.44 1.00 0.046
PTZ-Area (2.50) -114.2 25.2 361 -4.54 .001** 0.48
PushPull-Depth (1.50) PushPull-Depth (2.50) -94.4 25.2 361 -3.76 .024* 0.40
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 94.8 25.2 361 3.77 .023* 0.40
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 125.4 25.2 361 4.98 < .001*** 0.52
PTZ-Angle (1.50) 93.0 25.2 361 3.70 .030* 0.39
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -35.8 25.2 361 -1.42 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Span (0.40) 118.0 25.2 361 4.69 < .001*** 0.49
PTZ-Span (0.67) 118.0 25.2 361 4.69 < .001*** 0.49
PTZ-Span (1.50) 74.1 25.2 361 2.95 .37 0.31
PTZ-Span (2.50) -15.5 25.2 361 -0.62 1.00 0.065
PTZ-Area (0.40) -29.2 25.2 361 -1.16 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Area (0.67) 107.0 25.2 361 4.25 .003** 0.45
PTZ-Area (1.50) 67.9 25.2 361 2.70 .74 0.28
PTZ-Area (2.50) -35.2 25.2 361 -1.40 1.00 0.15
PushPull-Depth (2.50) PTZ-Angle (0.40) 189.2 25.2 361 7.52 < .001*** 0.79
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 219.8 25.2 361 8.74 < .001*** 0.92
PTZ-Angle (1.50) 187.5 25.2 361 7.45 < .001*** 0.78
PTZ-Angle (2.50) 58.7 25.2 361 2.33 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Span (0.40) 212.4 25.2 361 8.45 < .001*** 0.89
PTZ-Span (0.67) 212.4 25.2 361 8.45 < .001*** 0.89
PTZ-Span (1.50) 168.5 25.2 361 6.70 < .001*** 0.71
PTZ-Span (2.50) 78.9 25.2 361 3.14 .20 0.33
PTZ-Area (0.40) 65.3 25.2 361 2.60 .97 0.27
PTZ-Area (0.67) 201.4 25.2 361 8.01 < .001*** 0.84
PTZ-Area (1.50) 162.4 25.2 361 6.46 < .001*** 0.68
PTZ-Area (2.50) 59.2 25.2 361 2.35 1.00 0.25

Scaling Difference

Two-way RM-ANOVA (Within-subject)
Factor Df Df.res F p eta square
Technique 4 361 35.5 < .001*** .28
Target Scale 3 361 75.1 < .001*** .38
Technique x Target Scale 12 361 4.30 < .001*** .13
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique
Technique (A) Technique (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline PTZ-Area -121.1 13.2 361 -9.17 < .001*** 0.97
PTZ-Angle -72.7 13.2 361 -5.51 < .001*** 0.58
PTZ-Span -44.6 13.2 361 -3.38 .002** 0.36
PushPull-Depth 16.7 13.2 361 1.26 .21 0.13
PTZ-Angle PTZ-Area -48.4 13.2 361 -3.67 .001** 0.39
PTZ-Span 28.1 13.2 361 2.13 .068 0.22
PTZ-Span PTZ-Area -76.5 13.2 361 -5.79 < .001*** 0.61
PushPull-Depth PTZ-Area -137.8 13.2 361 -10.4 < .001*** 1.10
PTZ-Angle -89.4 13.2 361 -6.77 < .001*** 0.71
PTZ-Span -61.3 13.2 361 -4.64 < .001*** 0.49
Post-hoc Comparisons - Target Scale
Scale (A) Scale (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
0.40 0.67 -5.22 11.2 361 -0.47 .64 0.049
1.50 -90.3 11.2 361 -8.07 < .001*** 0.85
2.50 -141.1 11.2 361 -12.6 < .001*** 1.33
0.67 1.50 -85.1 11.2 361 -7.61 < .001*** 0.80
2.50 -135.8 11.2 361 -12.1 < .001*** 1.28
1.50 2.50 -50.7 11.2 361 -4.54 < .001*** 0.48
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique x Target Scale
Condition (A) Condition (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline (0.40) Baseline (0.67) -38.1 23.4 361 -1.63 1.00 0.17
Baseline (1.50) -134.5 23.4 361 -5.75 < .001*** 0.60
Baseline (2.50) -151.7 23.4 361 -6.48 < .001*** 0.68
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -39.8 23.4 361 -1.70 1.00 0.18
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -26.0 23.4 361 -1.11 1.00 0.12
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -111.9 23.4 361 -4.78 < .001*** 0.50
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -118.4 23.4 361 -5.06 < .001*** 0.53
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -87.8 23.4 361 -3.75 .023* 0.39
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -103.3 23.4 361 -4.41 .002** 0.46
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -191.5 23.4 361 -8.18 < .001*** 0.86
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -237.1 23.4 361 -10.1 < .001*** 1.07
PTZ-Span (0.40) -73.4 23.4 361 -3.14 .17 0.33
PTZ-Span (0.67) -74.1 23.4 361 -3.17 .16 0.33
PTZ-Span (1.50) -160.3 23.4 361 -6.85 < .001*** 0.72
PTZ-Span (2.50) -201.2 23.4 361 -8.60 < .001*** 0.91
PTZ-Area (0.40) -149.8 23.4 361 -6.40 < .001*** 0.67
PTZ-Area (0.67) -120.2 23.4 361 -5.13 < .001*** 0.54
PTZ-Area (1.50) -206.2 23.4 361 -8.81 < .001*** 0.93
PTZ-Area (2.50) -275.0 23.4 361 -11.8 < .001*** 1.24
Baseline (0.67) Baseline (1.50) -96.3 23.4 361 -4.12 .006** 0.43
Baseline (2.50) -113.5 23.4 361 -4.85 < .001*** 0.51
PushPull-Depth (0.40) -1.75 23.4 361 -0.075 1.00 0.008
PushPull-Depth (0.67) 12.1 23.4 361 0.52 1.00 0.054
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -73.7 23.4 361 -3.15 .16 0.33
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -80.3 23.4 361 -3.43 .069 0.36
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -49.6 23.4 361 -2.12 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -65.2 23.4 361 -2.79 .46 0.29
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -153.4 23.4 361 -6.56 < .001*** 0.69
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -199.0 23.4 361 -8.50 < .001*** 0.90
PTZ-Span (0.40) -35.3 23.4 361 -1.51 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Span (0.67) -36.0 23.4 361 -1.54 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Span (1.50) -122.1 23.4 361 -5.22 < .001*** 0.55
PTZ-Span (2.50) -163.1 23.4 361 -6.97 < .001*** 0.73
PTZ-Area (0.40) -111.7 23.4 361 -4.77 < .001*** 0.50
PTZ-Area (0.67) -82.0 23.4 361 -3.51 .054 0.37
PTZ-Area (1.50) -168.1 23.4 361 -7.18 < .001*** 0.76
PTZ-Area (2.50) -236.8 23.4 361 -10.1 < .001*** 1.07
Baseline (1.50) Baseline (2.50) -17.2 23.4 361 -0.74 1.00 0.077
PushPull-Depth (0.40) 94.6 23.4 361 4.04 .008** 0.43
PushPull-Depth (0.67) 108.5 23.4 361 4.63 < .001*** 0.49
PushPull-Depth (1.50) 22.6 23.4 361 0.97 1.00 0.10
PushPull-Depth (2.50) 16.0 23.4 361 0.69 1.00 0.072
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 46.7 23.4 361 2.00 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 31.2 23.4 361 1.33 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -57.0 23.4 361 -2.44 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -102.7 23.4 361 -4.39 .002** 0.46
PTZ-Span (0.40) 61.1 23.4 361 2.61 .73 0.27
PTZ-Span (0.67) 60.4 23.4 361 2.58 .78 0.27
PTZ-Span (1.50) -25.8 23.4 361 -1.10 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Span (2.50) -66.8 23.4 361 -2.85 .38 0.30
PTZ-Area (0.40) -15.4 23.4 361 -0.66 1.00 0.069
PTZ-Area (0.67) 14.3 23.4 361 0.61 1.00 0.064
PTZ-Area (1.50) -71.8 23.4 361 -3.07 .20 0.32
PTZ-Area (2.50) -140.5 23.4 361 -6.00 < .001*** 0.63
Baseline (2.50) PushPull-Depth (0.40) 111.8 23.4 361 4.78 < .001*** 0.50
PushPull-Depth (0.67) 125.7 23.4 361 5.37 < .001*** 0.57
PushPull-Depth (1.50) 39.8 23.4 361 1.70 1.00 0.18
PushPull-Depth (2.50) 33.2 23.4 361 1.42 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 63.9 23.4 361 2.73 .54 0.29
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 48.4 23.4 361 2.07 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -39.8 23.4 361 -1.70 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -85.4 23.4 361 -3.65 .032* 0.38
PTZ-Span (0.40) 78.3 23.4 361 3.34 .090 0.35
PTZ-Span (0.67) 77.6 23.4 361 3.31 .099 0.35
PTZ-Span (1.50) -8.60 23.4 361 -0.37 1.00 0.039
PTZ-Span (2.50) -49.5 23.4 361 -2.12 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Area (0.40) 1.85 23.4 361 0.079 1.00 0.008
PTZ-Area (0.67) 31.5 23.4 361 1.35 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (1.50) -54.5 23.4 361 -2.33 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Area (2.50) -123.3 23.4 361 -5.27 < .001*** 0.55
PTZ-Area (0.40) PTZ-Area (0.67) 29.7 23.4 361 1.27 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Area (1.50) -56.4 23.4 361 -2.41 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Area (2.50) -125.1 23.4 361 -5.35 < .001*** 0.56
PTZ-Area (0.67) PTZ-Area (1.50) -86.1 23.4 361 -3.68 .030* 0.39
PTZ-Area (2.50) -154.8 23.4 361 -6.62 < .001*** 0.70
PTZ-Area (1.50) PTZ-Area (2.50) -68.7 23.4 361 -2.94 .30 0.31
PTZ-Angle (0.40) PTZ-Angle (0.67) -15.5 23.4 361 -0.66 1.00 0.070
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -103.7 23.4 361 -4.43 .002** 0.47
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -149.3 23.4 361 -6.38 < .001*** 0.67
PTZ-Span (0.40) 14.4 23.4 361 0.61 1.00 0.065
PTZ-Span (0.67) 13.7 23.4 361 0.58 1.00 0.061
PTZ-Span (1.50) -72.5 23.4 361 -3.10 .18 0.33
PTZ-Span (2.50) -113.4 23.4 361 -4.85 < .001*** 0.51
PTZ-Area (0.40) -62.1 23.4 361 -2.65 .66 0.28
PTZ-Area (0.67) -32.4 23.4 361 -1.38 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Area (1.50) -118.5 23.4 361 -5.06 < .001*** 0.53
PTZ-Area (2.50) -187.2 23.4 361 -8.00 < .001*** 0.84
PTZ-Angle (0.67) PTZ-Angle (1.50) -88.2 23.4 361 -3.77 .022* 0.40
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -133.8 23.4 361 -5.72 < .001*** 0.60
PTZ-Span (0.40) 29.9 23.4 361 1.28 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Span (0.67) 29.2 23.4 361 1.25 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Span (1.50) -57.0 23.4 361 -2.43 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Span (2.50) -97.9 23.4 361 -4.18 .004** 0.44
PTZ-Area (0.40) -46.5 23.4 361 -1.99 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (0.67) -16.9 23.4 361 -0.72 1.00 0.076
PTZ-Area (1.50) -102.9 23.4 361 -4.40 .002** 0.46
PTZ-Area (2.50) -171.7 23.4 361 -7.34 < .001*** 0.77
PTZ-Angle (1.50) PTZ-Angle (2.50) -45.6 23.4 361 -1.95 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Span (0.40) 118.1 23.4 361 5.05 < .001*** 0.53
PTZ-Span (0.67) 117.4 23.4 361 5.02 < .001*** 0.53
PTZ-Span (1.50) 31.3 23.4 361 1.34 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Span (2.50) -9.70 23.4 361 -0.41 1.00 0.044
PTZ-Area (0.40) 41.7 23.4 361 1.78 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Area (0.67) 71.3 23.4 361 3.05 .21 0.32
PTZ-Area (1.50) -14.7 23.4 361 -0.63 1.00 0.066
PTZ-Area (2.50) -83.4 23.4 361 -3.57 .044* 0.38
PTZ-Angle (2.50) PTZ-Span (0.40) 163.7 23.4 361 7.00 < .001*** 0.74
PTZ-Span (0.67) 163.0 23.4 361 6.97 < .001*** 0.73
PTZ-Span (1.50) 76.9 23.4 361 3.28 .11 0.35
PTZ-Span (2.50) 35.9 23.4 361 1.53 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Area (0.40) 87.3 23.4 361 3.73 .025* 0.39
PTZ-Area (0.67) 117.0 23.4 361 5.00 < .001*** 0.53
PTZ-Area (1.50) 30.9 23.4 361 1.32 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (2.50) -37.8 23.4 361 -1.62 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Span (0.40) PTZ-Span (0.67) -0.70 23.4 361 -0.030 1.00 0.003
PTZ-Span (1.50) -86.8 23.4 361 -3.71 .027* 0.39
PTZ-Span (2.50) -127.8 23.4 361 -5.46 < .001*** 0.57
PTZ-Area (0.40) -76.4 23.4 361 -3.27 .11 0.34
PTZ-Area (0.67) -46.8 23.4 361 -2.00 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (1.50) -132.8 23.4 361 -5.68 < .001*** 0.60
PTZ-Area (2.50) -201.5 23.4 361 -8.61 < .001*** 0.91
PTZ-Span (0.67) PTZ-Span (1.50) -86.2 23.4 361 -3.68 .030* 0.39
PTZ-Span (2.50) -127.1 23.4 361 -5.43 < .001*** 0.57
PTZ-Area (0.40) -75.7 23.4 361 -3.24 .12 0.34
PTZ-Area (0.67) -46.1 23.4 361 -1.97 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (1.50) -132.1 23.4 361 -5.65 < .001*** 0.59
PTZ-Area (2.50) -200.9 23.4 361 -8.58 < .001*** 0.90
PTZ-Span (1.50) PTZ-Span (2.50) -41.0 23.4 361 -1.75 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Area (0.40) 10.4 23.4 361 0.45 1.00 0.047
PTZ-Area (0.67) 40.1 23.4 361 1.71 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Area (1.50) -46.0 23.4 361 -1.96 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (2.50) -114.7 23.4 361 -4.90 < .001*** 0.52
PTZ-Span (2.50) PTZ-Area (0.40) 51.4 23.4 361 2.20 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Area (0.67) 81.0 23.4 361 3.46 .062 0.36
PTZ-Area (1.50) -5.00 23.4 361 -0.21 1.00 0.022
PTZ-Area (2.50) -73.7 23.4 361 -3.15 .16 0.33
PushPull-Depth (0.40) PushPull-Depth (0.67) 13.8 23.4 361 0.59 1.00 0.062
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -72.0 23.4 361 -3.08 .20 0.32
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -78.6 23.4 361 -3.36 .087 0.35
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -47.9 23.4 361 -2.05 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -63.5 23.4 361 -2.71 .56 0.29
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -151.7 23.4 361 -6.48 < .001*** 0.68
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -197.3 23.4 361 -8.43 < .001*** 0.89
PTZ-Span (0.40) -33.6 23.4 361 -1.43 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Span (0.67) -34.3 23.4 361 -1.46 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Span (1.50) -120.4 23.4 361 -5.15 < .001*** 0.54
PTZ-Span (2.50) -161.4 23.4 361 -6.90 < .001*** 0.73
PTZ-Area (0.40) -110.0 23.4 361 -4.70 < .001*** 0.49
PTZ-Area (0.67) -80.3 23.4 361 -3.43 .069 0.36
PTZ-Area (1.50) -166.4 23.4 361 -7.11 < .001*** 0.75
PTZ-Area (2.50) -235.1 23.4 361 -10.0 < .001*** 1.06
PushPull-Depth (0.67) PushPull-Depth (1.50) -85.9 23.4 361 -3.67 .031* 0.39
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -92.4 23.4 361 -3.95 .011* 0.42
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -61.8 23.4 361 -2.64 .68 0.28
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -77.3 23.4 361 -3.30 .10 0.35
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -165.5 23.4 361 -7.07 < .001*** 0.74
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -211.1 23.4 361 -9.02 < .001*** 0.95
PTZ-Span (0.40) -47.4 23.4 361 -2.03 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Span (0.67) -48.1 23.4 361 -2.06 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Span (1.50) -134.3 23.4 361 -5.74 < .001*** 0.60
PTZ-Span (2.50) -175.2 23.4 361 -7.49 < .001*** 0.79
PTZ-Area (0.40) -123.8 23.4 361 -5.29 < .001*** 0.56
PTZ-Area (0.67) -94.2 23.4 361 -4.02 .008** 0.42
PTZ-Area (1.50) -180.2 23.4 361 -7.70 < .001*** 0.81
PTZ-Area (2.50) -249.0 23.4 361 -10.6 < .001*** 1.12
PushPull-Depth (1.50) PushPull-Depth (2.50) -6.55 23.4 361 -0.28 1.00 0.029
PTZ-Angle (0.40) 24.1 23.4 361 1.03 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 8.55 23.4 361 0.37 1.00 0.038
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -79.7 23.4 361 -3.40 .075 0.36
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -125.3 23.4 361 -5.35 < .001*** 0.56
PTZ-Span (0.40) 38.4 23.4 361 1.64 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Span (0.67) 37.8 23.4 361 1.61 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Span (1.50) -48.4 23.4 361 -2.07 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Span (2.50) -89.4 23.4 361 -3.82 .018* 0.40
PTZ-Area (0.40) -38.0 23.4 361 -1.62 1.00 0.17
PTZ-Area (0.67) -8.30 23.4 361 -0.35 1.00 0.037
PTZ-Area (1.50) -94.4 23.4 361 -4.03 .008** 0.42
PTZ-Area (2.50) -163.1 23.4 361 -6.97 < .001*** 0.73
PushPull-Depth (2.50) PTZ-Angle (0.40) 30.7 23.4 361 1.31 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Angle (0.67) 15.1 23.4 361 0.65 1.00 0.068
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -73.1 23.4 361 -3.12 .17 0.33
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -118.7 23.4 361 -5.07 < .001*** 0.53
PTZ-Span (0.40) 45.0 23.4 361 1.92 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Span (0.67) 44.3 23.4 361 1.89 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Span (1.50) -41.8 23.4 361 -1.79 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Span (2.50) -82.8 23.4 361 -3.54 .048* 0.37
PTZ-Area (0.40) -31.4 23.4 361 -1.34 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (0.67) -1.75 23.4 361 -0.075 1.00 0.008
PTZ-Area (1.50) -87.8 23.4 361 -3.75 .023* 0.39
PTZ-Area (2.50) -156.5 23.4 361 -6.69 < .001*** 0.70

Mode-out Time for Scaling

Two-way RM-ANOVA (Within-subject)
Factor Df Df.res F p eta square
Technique 4 361 20.3 < .001*** .18
Target Scale 3 361 5.83 < .001*** .046
Technique x Target Scale 12 361 5.50 < .001*** .15
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique
Technique (A) Technique (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline PTZ-Area -12.1 12.9 361 -0.94 1.00 0.099
PTZ-Angle -74.3 12.9 361 -5.75 < .001*** 0.61
PTZ-Span -87.5 12.9 361 -6.77 < .001*** 0.71
PushPull-Depth -7.89 12.9 361 -0.61 1.00 0.064
PTZ-Angle PTZ-Area 62.2 12.9 361 4.81 < .001*** 0.51
PTZ-Span -13.2 12.9 361 -1.02 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Span PTZ-Area 75.4 12.9 361 5.83 < .001*** 0.61
PushPull-Depth PTZ-Area -4.24 12.9 361 -0.33 1.00 0.034
PTZ-Angle -66.4 12.9 361 -5.14 < .001*** 0.54
PTZ-Span -79.6 12.9 361 -6.16 < .001*** 0.65
Post-hoc Comparisons - Target Scale
Scale (A) Scale (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
0.40 0.67 -4.15 12.1 361 -0.34 .73 0.036
1.50 -45.4 12.1 361 -3.77 .001** 0.40
2.50 -20.2 12.1 361 -1.67 .29 0.18
0.67 1.50 -41.3 12.1 361 -3.42 .003** 0.36
2.50 -16.0 12.1 361 -1.33 .37 0.14
1.50 2.50 25.3 12.1 361 2.09 .15 0.22
Post-hoc Comparisons - Technique x Target Scale
Condition (A) Condition (B) Estimate SE df t p Cohen’s d
Baseline (0.40) Baseline (0.67) 31.9 24.3 361 1.31 1.00 0.14
Baseline (1.50) 33.5 24.3 361 1.38 1.00 0.15
Baseline (2.50) 62.7 24.3 361 2.58 1.00 0.27
PushPull-Depth (0.40) 55.4 24.3 361 2.28 1.00 0.24
PushPull-Depth (0.67) 39.6 24.3 361 1.63 1.00 0.17
PushPull-Depth (1.50) 11.7 24.3 361 0.48 1.00 0.051
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -3.60 24.3 361 -0.15 1.00 0.016
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -51.1 24.3 361 -2.10 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -45.7 24.3 361 -1.88 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -51.2 24.3 361 -2.11 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -18.0 24.3 361 -0.74 1.00 0.078
PTZ-Span (0.40) -54.9 24.3 361 -2.26 1.00 0.24
PTZ-Span (0.67) -34.7 24.3 361 -1.43 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Span (1.50) -76.3 24.3 361 -3.14 .23 0.33
PTZ-Span (2.50) -44.8 24.3 361 -1.84 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Area (0.40) 113.6 24.3 361 4.68 < .001*** 0.49
PTZ-Area (0.67) 65.1 24.3 361 2.68 .84 0.28
PTZ-Area (1.50) -62.0 24.3 361 -2.55 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Area (2.50) -33.6 24.3 361 -1.38 1.00 0.15
Baseline (0.67) Baseline (1.50) 1.65 24.3 361 0.068 1.00 0.007
Baseline (2.50) 30.8 24.3 361 1.27 1.00 0.13
PushPull-Depth (0.40) 23.6 24.3 361 0.97 1.00 0.10
PushPull-Depth (0.67) 7.72 24.3 361 0.32 1.00 0.033
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -20.2 24.3 361 -0.83 1.00 0.088
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -35.5 24.3 361 -1.46 1.00 0.15
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -83.0 24.3 361 -3.42 .094 0.36
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -77.6 24.3 361 -3.19 .19 0.34
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -83.1 24.3 361 -3.42 .093 0.36
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -49.9 24.3 361 -2.05 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Span (0.40) -86.8 24.3 361 -3.57 .056 0.38
PTZ-Span (0.67) -66.6 24.3 361 -2.74 .73 0.29
PTZ-Span (1.50) -108.2 24.3 361 -4.45 .002** 0.47
PTZ-Span (2.50) -76.7 24.3 361 -3.16 .22 0.33
PTZ-Area (0.40) 81.7 24.3 361 3.36 .11 0.35
PTZ-Area (0.67) 33.2 24.3 361 1.37 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (1.50) -93.9 24.3 361 -3.86 .019* 0.41
PTZ-Area (2.50) -65.5 24.3 361 -2.69 .82 0.28
Baseline (1.50) Baseline (2.50) 29.2 24.3 361 1.20 1.00 0.13
PushPull-Depth (0.40) 21.9 24.3 361 0.90 1.00 0.095
PushPull-Depth (0.67) 6.07 24.3 361 0.25 1.00 0.026
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -21.9 24.3 361 -0.90 1.00 0.095
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -37.1 24.3 361 -1.53 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -84.6 24.3 361 -3.48 .076 0.37
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -79.2 24.3 361 -3.26 .15 0.34
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -84.8 24.3 361 -3.49 .075 0.37
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -51.6 24.3 361 -2.12 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Span (0.40) -88.5 24.3 361 -3.64 .044* 0.38
PTZ-Span (0.67) -68.3 24.3 361 -2.81 .61 0.30
PTZ-Span (1.50) -109.9 24.3 361 -4.52 .001** 0.48
PTZ-Span (2.50) -78.3 24.3 361 -3.22 .18 0.34
PTZ-Area (0.40) 80.0 24.3 361 3.30 .14 0.35
PTZ-Area (0.67) 31.6 24.3 361 1.30 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (1.50) -95.5 24.3 361 -3.93 .015* 0.41
PTZ-Area (2.50) -67.1 24.3 361 -2.76 .69 0.29
Baseline (2.50) PushPull-Depth (0.40) -7.30 24.3 361 -0.30 1.00 0.032
PushPull-Depth (0.67) -23.1 24.3 361 -0.95 1.00 0.10
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -51.0 24.3 361 -2.10 1.00 0.22
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -66.3 24.3 361 -2.73 .74 0.29
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -113.8 24.3 361 -4.69 < .001*** 0.49
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -108.4 24.3 361 -4.47 .002** 0.47
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -113.9 24.3 361 -4.69 < .001*** 0.49
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -80.7 24.3 361 -3.32 .13 0.35
PTZ-Span (0.40) -117.6 24.3 361 -4.84 < .001*** 0.51
PTZ-Span (0.67) -97.4 24.3 361 -4.01 .011* 0.42
PTZ-Span (1.50) -139.0 24.3 361 -5.72 < .001*** 0.60
PTZ-Span (2.50) -107.5 24.3 361 -4.43 .002** 0.47
PTZ-Area (0.40) 50.9 24.3 361 2.09 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Area (0.67) 2.38 24.3 361 0.098 1.00 0.010
PTZ-Area (1.50) -124.7 24.3 361 -5.13 < .001*** 0.54
PTZ-Area (2.50) -96.3 24.3 361 -3.96 .013* 0.42
PTZ-Area (0.40) PTZ-Area (0.67) -48.5 24.3 361 -2.00 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Area (1.50) -175.5 24.3 361 -7.23 < .001*** 0.76
PTZ-Area (2.50) -147.2 24.3 361 -6.06 < .001*** 0.64
PTZ-Area (0.67) PTZ-Area (1.50) -127.1 24.3 361 -5.23 < .001*** 0.55
PTZ-Area (2.50) -98.7 24.3 361 -4.06 .009** 0.43
PTZ-Area (1.50) PTZ-Area (2.50) 28.4 24.3 361 1.17 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Angle (0.40) PTZ-Angle (0.67) 5.35 24.3 361 0.22 1.00 0.023
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -0.15 24.3 361 -0.006 1.00 0.001
PTZ-Angle (2.50) 33.1 24.3 361 1.36 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Span (0.40) -3.85 24.3 361 -0.16 1.00 0.017
PTZ-Span (0.67) 16.3 24.3 361 0.67 1.00 0.071
PTZ-Span (1.50) -25.3 24.3 361 -1.04 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Span (2.50) 6.30 24.3 361 0.26 1.00 0.027
PTZ-Area (0.40) 164.6 24.3 361 6.78 < .001*** 0.71
PTZ-Area (0.67) 116.2 24.3 361 4.78 < .001*** 0.50
PTZ-Area (1.50) -10.9 24.3 361 -0.45 1.00 0.047
PTZ-Area (2.50) 17.5 24.3 361 0.72 1.00 0.076
PTZ-Angle (0.67) PTZ-Angle (1.50) -5.50 24.3 361 -0.23 1.00 0.024
PTZ-Angle (2.50) 27.7 24.3 361 1.14 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Span (0.40) -9.20 24.3 361 -0.38 1.00 0.040
PTZ-Span (0.67) 11.0 24.3 361 0.45 1.00 0.048
PTZ-Span (1.50) -30.6 24.3 361 -1.26 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Span (2.50) 0.95 24.3 361 0.039 1.00 0.004
PTZ-Area (0.40) 159.3 24.3 361 6.56 < .001*** 0.69
PTZ-Area (0.67) 110.8 24.3 361 4.56 .001** 0.48
PTZ-Area (1.50) -16.3 24.3 361 -0.67 1.00 0.070
PTZ-Area (2.50) 12.1 24.3 361 0.50 1.00 0.053
PTZ-Angle (1.50) PTZ-Angle (2.50) 33.2 24.3 361 1.37 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Span (0.40) -3.70 24.3 361 -0.15 1.00 0.016
PTZ-Span (0.67) 16.5 24.3 361 0.68 1.00 0.072
PTZ-Span (1.50) -25.1 24.3 361 -1.03 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Span (2.50) 6.45 24.3 361 0.27 1.00 0.028
PTZ-Area (0.40) 164.8 24.3 361 6.79 < .001*** 0.71
PTZ-Area (0.67) 116.3 24.3 361 4.79 < .001*** 0.50
PTZ-Area (1.50) -10.7 24.3 361 -0.44 1.00 0.047
PTZ-Area (2.50) 17.6 24.3 361 0.73 1.00 0.076
PTZ-Angle (2.50) PTZ-Span (0.40) -36.9 24.3 361 -1.52 1.00 0.16
PTZ-Span (0.67) -16.7 24.3 361 -0.69 1.00 0.072
PTZ-Span (1.50) -58.3 24.3 361 -2.40 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Span (2.50) -26.8 24.3 361 -1.10 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Area (0.40) 131.6 24.3 361 5.42 < .001*** 0.57
PTZ-Area (0.67) 83.1 24.3 361 3.42 .093 0.36
PTZ-Area (1.50) -44.0 24.3 361 -1.81 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Area (2.50) -15.6 24.3 361 -0.64 1.00 0.067
PTZ-Span (0.40) PTZ-Span (0.67) 20.2 24.3 361 0.83 1.00 0.088
PTZ-Span (1.50) -21.4 24.3 361 -0.88 1.00 0.093
PTZ-Span (2.50) 10.1 24.3 361 0.42 1.00 0.044
PTZ-Area (0.40) 168.5 24.3 361 6.94 < .001*** 0.73
PTZ-Area (0.67) 120.0 24.3 361 4.94 < .001*** 0.52
PTZ-Area (1.50) -7.05 24.3 361 -0.29 1.00 0.031
PTZ-Area (2.50) 21.3 24.3 361 0.88 1.00 0.093
PTZ-Span (0.67) PTZ-Span (1.50) -41.6 24.3 361 -1.71 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Span (2.50) -10.0 24.3 361 -0.41 1.00 0.044
PTZ-Area (0.40) 148.3 24.3 361 6.11 < .001*** 0.64
PTZ-Area (0.67) 99.8 24.3 361 4.11 .007** 0.43
PTZ-Area (1.50) -27.2 24.3 361 -1.12 1.00 0.12
PTZ-Area (2.50) 1.15 24.3 361 0.047 1.00 0.005
PTZ-Span (1.50) PTZ-Span (2.50) 31.6 24.3 361 1.30 1.00 0.14
PTZ-Area (0.40) 189.9 24.3 361 7.82 < .001*** 0.82
PTZ-Area (0.67) 141.4 24.3 361 5.82 < .001*** 0.61
PTZ-Area (1.50) 14.4 24.3 361 0.59 1.00 0.062
PTZ-Area (2.50) 42.7 24.3 361 1.76 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Span (2.50) PTZ-Area (0.40) 158.3 24.3 361 6.52 < .001*** 0.69
PTZ-Area (0.67) 109.9 24.3 361 4.52 .001** 0.48
PTZ-Area (1.50) -17.2 24.3 361 -0.71 1.00 0.075
PTZ-Area (2.50) 11.2 24.3 361 0.46 1.00 0.049
PushPull-Depth (0.40) PushPull-Depth (0.67) -15.8 24.3 361 -0.65 1.00 0.069
PushPull-Depth (1.50) -43.8 24.3 361 -1.80 1.00 0.19
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -59.0 24.3 361 -2.43 1.00 0.26
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -106.5 24.3 361 -4.38 .002** 0.46
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -101.2 24.3 361 -4.16 .006** 0.44
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -106.7 24.3 361 -4.39 .002** 0.46
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -73.5 24.3 361 -3.02 .32 0.32
PTZ-Span (0.40) -110.4 24.3 361 -4.54 .001** 0.48
PTZ-Span (0.67) -90.2 24.3 361 -3.71 .034* 0.39
PTZ-Span (1.50) -131.8 24.3 361 -5.42 < .001*** 0.57
PTZ-Span (2.50) -100.2 24.3 361 -4.13 .007** 0.43
PTZ-Area (0.40) 58.1 24.3 361 2.39 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Area (0.67) 9.67 24.3 361 0.40 1.00 0.042
PTZ-Area (1.50) -117.4 24.3 361 -4.83 < .001*** 0.51
PTZ-Area (2.50) -89.0 24.3 361 -3.66 .040* 0.39
PushPull-Depth (0.67) PushPull-Depth (1.50) -27.9 24.3 361 -1.15 1.00 0.12
PushPull-Depth (2.50) -43.2 24.3 361 -1.78 1.00 0.19
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -90.7 24.3 361 -3.73 .032* 0.39
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -85.3 24.3 361 -3.51 .069 0.37
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -90.8 24.3 361 -3.74 .031* 0.39
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -57.6 24.3 361 -2.37 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Span (0.40) -94.5 24.3 361 -3.89 .017* 0.41
PTZ-Span (0.67) -74.3 24.3 361 -3.06 .29 0.32
PTZ-Span (1.50) -115.9 24.3 361 -4.77 < .001*** 0.50
PTZ-Span (2.50) -84.4 24.3 361 -3.47 .078 0.37
PTZ-Area (0.40) 74.0 24.3 361 3.05 .30 0.32
PTZ-Area (0.67) 25.5 24.3 361 1.05 1.00 0.11
PTZ-Area (1.50) -101.6 24.3 361 -4.18 .006** 0.44
PTZ-Area (2.50) -73.2 24.3 361 -3.01 .33 0.32
PushPull-Depth (1.50) PushPull-Depth (2.50) -15.3 24.3 361 -0.63 1.00 0.066
PTZ-Angle (0.40) -62.8 24.3 361 -2.58 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -57.4 24.3 361 -2.36 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -62.9 24.3 361 -2.59 1.00 0.27
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -29.7 24.3 361 -1.22 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Span (0.40) -66.6 24.3 361 -2.74 .73 0.29
PTZ-Span (0.67) -46.4 24.3 361 -1.91 1.00 0.20
PTZ-Span (1.50) -88.0 24.3 361 -3.62 .047* 0.38
PTZ-Span (2.50) -56.5 24.3 361 -2.32 1.00 0.24
PTZ-Area (0.40) 101.9 24.3 361 4.20 .005** 0.44
PTZ-Area (0.67) 53.4 24.3 361 2.20 1.00 0.23
PTZ-Area (1.50) -73.7 24.3 361 -3.03 .31 0.32
PTZ-Area (2.50) -45.3 24.3 361 -1.86 1.00 0.20
PushPull-Depth (2.50) PTZ-Angle (0.40) -47.5 24.3 361 -1.95 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Angle (0.67) -42.1 24.3 361 -1.73 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Angle (1.50) -47.6 24.3 361 -1.96 1.00 0.21
PTZ-Angle (2.50) -14.4 24.3 361 -0.59 1.00 0.062
PTZ-Span (0.40) -51.3 24.3 361 -2.11 1.00 0.22
PTZ-Span (0.67) -31.1 24.3 361 -1.28 1.00 0.13
PTZ-Span (1.50) -72.7 24.3 361 -2.99 .35 0.32
PTZ-Span (2.50) -41.2 24.3 361 -1.69 1.00 0.18
PTZ-Area (0.40) 117.2 24.3 361 4.83 < .001*** 0.51
PTZ-Area (0.67) 68.7 24.3 361 2.83 .58 0.30
PTZ-Area (1.50) -58.4 24.3 361 -2.40 1.00 0.25
PTZ-Area (2.50) -30.0 24.3 361 -1.23 1.00 0.13